| The Behavior of Light in the Presence of a | | | | Perhaps this constant represents the slight difference |
| Gravitational Field | | | | between the forces of attraction and the forces of |
| Introduction | | | | repulsion with attraction being the stronger force of the |
| I will begin this introduction in the manner that I feel is | | | | two. Then again, there may not be a constant. |
| the most appropriate. I must pay homage to Albert | | | | Perhaps this constant only appears to be a constant |
| Einstein and his views on the universe we live in. If it | | | | due to our inability to detect small variations in a |
| were not for his ideas, I would not have been able to | | | | gravitational field relative to another gravitational field. If |
| gain a clearer picture of the true state of the universe. | | | | we could stand on the sun and then drop a mountain |
| I understand the monumental task I am undertaking | | | | and a grain of sand and then time there descent, |
| with my papers "The Nothing Universe", "Dimensions of | | | | would we detect a difference? |
| Time", "Time Travel Not Possible?", and "Gravity | | | | What we know of gravity today, the calculations and |
| Hypothesis". I am attempting to rewrite our view of the | | | | observations all hold true and have stood the test of |
| Universe by building upon Einstein's thoughts on the | | | | time. I am trying to attribute a physical cause for |
| subject. I am also trying to explain some of his | | | | gravitation. Instead of viewing gravity as being caused |
| misconceptions on the true state of the universe, | | | | by a warping of the space/time fabric, I am suggesting |
| gravity, time, and how they all relate to one another. In | | | | that we take a moment and look at gravity another |
| this paper I will be attempting to explain why light bends | | | | way. Then, perhaps the math will have to be tweaked |
| around a star, in this case, our Sun; in order to allow us | | | | a bit? |
| to view a star that is hidden behind our sun. Before I | | | | Objects are composed of matter and matter is |
| begin, I would like to ad that I can conceptually | | | | composed of particles. These particles have a charge. |
| understand how Einstein came to his conclusions. At | | | | Gravity is the "Sum Total" effect of all of these |
| first glance they would appear to be dead on accurate | | | | negatively and positively charged particles contained in |
| descriptions of reality. I do not in any way claim that | | | | an object. It does not matter the number of particles |
| the work that has been done in support of Relativity is | | | | contained within the object that is falling to earth. The |
| wrong. On the contrary, I believe the math as well as | | | | only thing that matters is you have a very small object |
| the experimentation is accurate and correct. I would | | | | being attracted to a very large object (the earth). The |
| have to be to have stood the test of time. What I am | | | | more mass an object contains the greater the amount |
| claiming is that this supporting evidence has been | | | | of gravity. The more similar the masses are then a |
| attributed to in-accurate conclusions. Much the same | | | | gravitational equilibrium is met. The greater the |
| way that evidence can point overwhelmingly to the | | | | difference of mass between two objects then there is |
| wrong suspect. That being said, I will always maintain | | | | greater imbalance. Velocity also comes into play and |
| that I stood on Einstein's shoulders as he stood on the | | | | explains how objects come to orbit one another. So, |
| shoulders of great minds before him. | | | | you are small compared to the earth and you feel a |
| Understanding Gravity | | | | certain amount of gravity while on the earth. On the |
| In order to fully understand this hypothesis, I will have to | | | | moon you feel less gravity, but you are larger |
| give an overview of my Gravity Hypothesis. In that | | | | compared to the moon vs the earth. So; |
| paper, I maintain that Gravity is not a manifestation of | | | | 1) A planet to person interaction will result in a strong |
| curved Space/Time. I do not even believe this fictional | | | | gravity between the two objects. |
| fabric exists. Space is a vacuum. This means that | | | | 2) A planet to planet interaction will result in a weak |
| nothing occupies the spaces between the stars, | | | | gravity between the two objects. |
| except for comets, asteroids, planets, space dust, etc. | | | | 3) A planet to moon interaction will result in a medium |
| Space is the absence of matter where I believe | | | | gravity between the two. |
| matter used to be. For this concept you will have to | | | | 4) A Star to planet interaction will result in a medium |
| read my paper on a "Nothing Universe". In that paper I | | | | strong gravity between the two. |
| hypothesized that the this universe used to be | | | | It all depends upon the mass of the object relative to |
| composed of a perfect atom in which all free energy | | | | another object as well as the velocity of the object, |
| was locked up tight. There was no free space in this | | | | and the distance between the two objects. An object |
| Nothing Universe, and the only thing that existed was | | | | can pass by the earth far enough away to feel its |
| this one perfect atom. So, when the "Big Bang" | | | | gravity, but if its velocity is great enough then it will |
| occurred; what I call "The Event", it was not a | | | | continue on its course. The trajectory of the object will |
| singularity that expanded outward. Instead, it was a | | | | depend upon its speed and distance away from the |
| chain reaction taking place within a sea of atoms. In | | | | influencing body. |
| this case, the Nothing Atom. This expansion is taking | | | | Keep in mind that the more similar in mass two objects |
| place today at speeds greater than that of the speed | | | | are then the particles of that body comes into play. I |
| of light, and if you travel far enough out into space you | | | | said before that even though a person exhibits gravity |
| will come upon a wall of energy that I have termed the | | | | towards the earth, the earth wins out every time. The |
| "Creation Wave". | | | | influence of the mass of my body is negligible when |
| So now we have our universe which in the beginning | | | | compared to the pull of the earth on us. However, |
| consisted of nothing more than empty space, free | | | | when the mass is sufficient in each object and |
| energy, and particles. These particles I refer to are | | | | comparable to the other object, then the molecules of |
| protons, electrons, and neutrons. Their counterparts | | | | both objects influence how they effect one another. |
| having phased into the anti matter universe, which I | | | | The earth has protons and electrons, the moon has |
| maintain behaves in exactly the same way that ours | | | | protons and electrons. The protons of the earth are |
| does. Its just made up of anti matter. In our matter | | | | pulling on the electrons of the moon and the protons in |
| universe protons that were flying around attracted an | | | | the moon feel the presence of the electrons contained |
| electron. Over and over again a proton would trap an | | | | within the earth. At the same time the protons of the |
| electron and eventually we had massive quantities of | | | | earth also feel the presence of the protons of the |
| hydrogen coming together to create very dense | | | | moon. |
| pockets of hydrogen in space. Eventually, so much | | | | Similarly, the electrons of the earth also feel the |
| hydrogen came together that a star was born. All | | | | presence of the electrons on the moon. What you end |
| over our young universe this process occurred. Withing | | | | up with is two objects that are trying to get as far |
| these stars the next evolution of matter took place, | | | | away as they can from one another, while at the |
| helium. A star will go through its life cycle and | | | | same time they want to come together. An equilibrium |
| eventually explode or throw off its outer layers | | | | is reached between these competing forces and the |
| providing new material for the birth of new stars. Now, | | | | moon will assume and orbit around that body. This |
| conceive of this event occurring countless times all | | | | scenario does not take into account the velocity of |
| across the young universe. Within each one of these | | | | each object relative to one another, which is another |
| stars, new elements are being created that will provide | | | | factor of how masses orbit one another. It also does |
| us with our periodic table of elements. | | | | not take into account the distance of the two objects |
| The temperatures needed to create these new | | | | from one another. The closer these two masses are |
| elements are present within the core of these stars. | | | | to one another the stronger they will feel each others |
| This is why you will sometimes hear scientists state | | | | gravity. If they get too close to one another than the |
| that we are in fact made of star dust. In a way that is | | | | two objects will collide due to the fact that the |
| very true. Evolution is a beautiful thing and a clear | | | | attractive force is slightly greater than the repulsive |
| picture can be gained from this analogy. Hydrogen | | | | force. This only applies to objects of sufficient mass. |
| forms stars, which lead to helium and the evolution of | | | | Objects of little mass will exhibit very low gravity |
| more elements. These elements come together to | | | | between one another. If you have a planet and a rock, |
| form planets around a star, and on one of these | | | | then the gravity of the planet is strong and will |
| planets something new happens. The elements | | | | overpower the weak gravity of the rock. The mass of |
| present form a simple single celled organism and life | | | | Earth pulls and repels us with the pull winning out. Our |
| has begun! Now we have the evolution of life. The | | | | bodies pull and push on the earth as well, but we have |
| single celled organism becomes multi-celled, which | | | | very little mass to really influence the planets |
| leads to jelly fish, squid, and then to fish; which leads to | | | | gravitational effect in anyway. |
| amphibians, reptiles, mammals, you get the picture. It is | | | | Gravity and its Affect on Light |
| a beautiful thing to know that all of this began with the | | | | So now we come to the heart of the matter. A star |
| simple merger of protons and electrons! But I digress. | | | | that is behind the sun can be seen by us on earth, |
| Back to curved space/time, I said before that I believe | | | | because the light from that star was bent around the |
| it does not exist. The idea that time is a thing that can | | | | sun. Albert Einstein attributed this to the path that light |
| be combined with space, seems too far fetched and | | | | takes across space/time, which is being warped by |
| complicated to me. Time is a human concept for | | | | the Sun's gravitational field. I put forth that the path light |
| measuring events, nothing more. Space is what exists | | | | takes around the sun is due to the influence of the |
| within the nothing universe and represents the absence | | | | magnetism on the photon. As the beam of light |
| of matter. I believe that the manifestation of gravity | | | | approaches the sun, the photon begins to feel the |
| can be attributed to a much more familiar and simple | | | | effect of the protons and electrons contained within |
| concept. This simple concept is magnetism. Opposites | | | | the sun. The sum total which represents gravity bends |
| attract and like charges repel and so forth. We can | | | | the light from that star so that it bends around our sun. |
| observe this every time we look at a compass or use | | | | As we all know light is an electromagnetic wave, |
| a magnet, however; we can also observe this when | | | | which is a wave composed of both a magnetic wave |
| an object falls to earth or by looking at our solar | | | | and an electric wave. It is also viewed as a particle |
| system, galaxy, etc. What we traditionally think of | | | | called a photon. As a light beam approaches the sun it |
| magnetism is quite small when compared to the | | | | is attracted and repelled by the protons and electrons |
| universe. This is because traditionally we attribute | | | | in the sun. The sum total effect of this, "Gravity" |
| magnetism to small scale events and gravity to large | | | | attracts and repels the sun at the same time. Coupled |
| scale events. I say they are one and the same. | | | | with the speed at which the photon is traveling the |
| Gravity is nothing more than the manifestation of | | | | beam of light bends around the sun. As the light |
| magnetism on a macro scale. All matter is made of | | | | approaches, the photon is both repelled and attracted |
| protons, electrons, and neutrons. These particles form | | | | at the same time. Its velocity wants to carry it straight |
| elements which form molecules, which form much of | | | | on, but as it gets closer to the sun the repulsion begins |
| the world around us. In the case of a planet, a moon, | | | | to effect the photons trajectory. Since the attractive |
| or a star you have an immense number of protons | | | | force is greater this will lead to a shorter and sharper |
| and electrons. Neutrons, I believe, do not come into | | | | bend on the approaching side of the sun and a more |
| play, because they are neutral particles. For this reason | | | | gradual slope on the backside of the sun as the |
| I do not believe they play a part in the manifestation of | | | | particle moves away from the sun. In reality, a |
| gravity. In order to gain a clearer picture we will | | | | constant stream of particles of photons are affected |
| consider the Earth as it is related to us and the objects | | | | creating an unbroken beam of light that bends around |
| around us. | | | | the sun and reaches earth. This is how we are able to |
| Everyone knows that when you drop objects of | | | | view light from a distant star that is hidden by the sun. |
| differing weights they will fall at the same rate. This | | | | The influence of matter in the sun on a beam of light |
| means that gravity is a constant. The earth is pulling on | | | | as it approaches is what causes the electromagnetic |
| you with the same effect that it is pulling on a pebble | | | | wave to bend around the sun and reach earth. |
| or a feather. The reason for this has to do more with | | | | So what about a black hole? The reason that light |
| the protons and electrons contained within the earth | | | | cannot escape a black hole is because the attractive |
| than it does with the protons and neutrons contained | | | | force is great enough that the velocity of light cannot |
| within you, the pebble or the feather. This, I believe, is | | | | overcome it. The result is a beam of light that bends, |
| due to the huge number of particles contained within | | | | but ultimately will move into the black hole. This is |
| the earth vs the number of particles in you or any | | | | assuming the light beam passes close enough to the |
| object on the earth. In order for my hypothesis to | | | | black hole. If a beam of light passes far enough away |
| work we have to assume that one force is slightly | | | | from a black hole its velocity will overcome the |
| stronger than another. The attractive force has to be | | | | attractive force and will bend sharply around the black |
| slightly stronger than the repulsive force. This is why | | | | hole. Theoretically it would then be possible to see a |
| objects fall down, rather than up. If the opposite were | | | | star that is in a false position in the sky if its light |
| true then we would spend our time slowly drifting out | | | | reached earth. It may be possible for two stars that |
| into space. The key is scale. A proton and an electron | | | | appear in the night sky to actually be the light from only |
| will attract one another, because each one has a | | | | one star. The light from the real star that is located in |
| specific charge. A person and another person of the | | | | its actual position, and the bent light that passed by the |
| same size will exert gravity on one another, but very | | | | black hole that is from the same star. This light will |
| minimal. The difference is a collection of particles vs a | | | | cause a phantom star to appear in the night sky. I am |
| particle and a particle. Think of it this way, "Magnetism | | | | not stating that when you look out your window at |
| is to Gravity, as Physics is to Quantum Physics". Each | | | | night you will see one of these phantom stars. I am |
| field is dictated by how objects behave based on | | | | only stating that it is hypothetically possible. |
| scale. The behavior of magnetism on a small scale is | | | | Conclusion |
| somewhat different on a large scale, "Gravity". | | | | Particles contained within matter are responsible for |
| The Earth pulls on all objects with the same strength. | | | | the existence of gravity. It is the influence of matter |
| The current Gravitational constant is thought to be | | | | over matter interactions based on velocity and |
| somewhere around 6.693 x 10 to the -11 power. The | | | | distance. There may or may not be a constant, or if |
| law of universal gravitation, big G is thought to be the | | | | gravity is not a constant; then at the present we are |
| attractive force between two bodies is proportional to | | | | unable to detect this difference. Mainly because we |
| the product of their masses, and inversely proportional | | | | can only perform these experiments here on earth. It |
| to the square of the distance between them. | | | | would really be nice to have a large rocky body with |
| ( This constant is not to be confused with Earths | | | | no atmosphere. The weight of the atmosphere above |
| gravity (little g) which is calculated by the rate an | | | | us along with the drag of our atmosphere on falling |
| object accelerates towards the earth as it falls. That | | | | objects will effect the outcome of these experiments. |
| number has been placed at around 9.8 m/s2 (meters | | | | In order to prove this hypothesis, an experiment needs |
| per second squared). Again I cannot argue with the | | | | to be done to detect the slight difference in the |
| math and I believe the experiments done in this area | | | | attractive force vs the repulsive force. It would also |
| are valid. I also believe that in order to have the most | | | | help to discover a phantom star, which is a star in the |
| accurate calculation of gravity we have to understand | | | | night sky that is not actually where it appears to be. |
| what it is and then go from there. A gravitational | | | | For the same reason that light bends around the sun |
| constant is possible and would represent the true pull | | | | to show us a star that is hidden behind the sun. Einstein |
| of one body over another. I concede that constant to | | | | was not wrong, he just attributed an actual outcome |
| the experts and will agree with the accepted number. | | | | to the wrong preclusion. |